Sample result
One explained flaw question
“Every student who attended the review sessions passed the exam. Maria passed the exam. So Maria attended the review sessions.” What is the flaw?
Breaking it down
- The premise says attending is sufficient for passing: attended → passed.
- The conclusion runs it backwards: passed → attended.
- Nothing says attending was the only way to pass; Maria could have passed some other way.
- Name the flaw: it treats a sufficient condition as if it were a necessary one.
What to look for in the answer choices
The right answer describes taking something that guarantees an outcome as the only way to reach it. Eliminate choices about sample size or ambiguous terms: they describe flaws this argument does not make.